May of 2012, the U.N.’s Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Prof. Olivier De Schutter, visited his first NATO country, Canada. He found Canada’s poor generally deprived of adequate nutrition (“People are simply too poor to eat decently”). He found the Aboriginal peoples at risk.
In October, 2013, the UN Special Rapporteur on Indigenous rights, James Anaya, visited Canada and found Canada’s Aboriginal peoples “in crisis.” 20% lived in unfit housing. There was an alarming suicide rate. There were high rates of violence against women. And high rates of incarceration. Discriminatory funding disparities. Lack of adequate funding. Lack of Aboriginal inclusion in the educational policies, etc.. In sum, Aboriginal people were at risk, some without enough to eat, some with bad water, some without liveable shelter.
The “at risk” status of First Peoples does not mean they’re at risk of being uncomfortable. It means they could die. It is a way to talk about the failure of the Canadian government’s responsibility for Aboriginal peoples, without imputing intention for the deaths. Americans consider the proving of “intention” necessary for charges of genocide, and the American interpretation of the Convention on Genocide is often adopted by less powerful nations.
The devastation of Northern First Nations communities has increased through years of intentional federal neglect by the Harper government. Hoping to reverse this, in March 2016 Canada’s new Trudeau government assured Aboriginal peoples a 8.4 billion dollar slice of the 2016 Budget.
Of immediate concern is the lack of medical care in northern Aboriginal communities which are currently without resident doctors and are often without resident registered nurses as well as nutritionists, physical and psychological therapists.
Northern Native communities are very vulnerable to drugs. A drug economy and terminal drug use are of no use to a revolutionary society so in many capitalist countries drug use is covertly supported by the State. The alternative community of prison and a prison culture is also supplied by the State.
Canada’s correctional investigator, Howard Sapir, finds that while crime rates decreased every year, Canadians in prison increased by 10% between 2005 and last year, and of these Aboriginal incarceration increased by 50%. So the percentage of federal prisoners with Aboriginal ancestry exceeds 25% nationally. In the prairie provinces this rises to 48%.1
Currently, Northeastern Ontario’s First Nations continue to suffer from lack of safe tap water; in February the problem was brought to the U.N.’s Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, by the Neskantaga, Grassy Narrows and Shoal Lake 40 First Nations.2
The Neskantaga community of about 300 hasn’t had safe drinking water since 1995. The Federal government promised in early December (2015) to fund a new drinking water plant.3 The Liberals have promised all First Nations safe drinking water, within 5 years.
The Grassy Narrows First Nation also suffers from high levels of mercury contamination in the water from pulp mill dumping between 1962 to 1970. The amount is informally referred to as 9000 kilograms. The contamination became buried in sediment and continues to be released, spreading, poisoning water and fish, then people. Japanese experts in mercury poisoning visiting Grassy Narrows in 2014 found compensation levels for neurological poisoning inadequate. Only 27% of those applying to the Mercury Disability Board (started in 1986) receive a pension as compensation averaging $400/month. The Liberal Premier of Ontario won’t have it cleaned up without further study.
Canada’s land management practices have taken away the food source of fish. The band is trying to prevent the stripping away of its lumber. Worried by conceivable links between clear cutting of their forest (as mandated in Ontario’s recent forest management plan) and mercury poisoning the band has asked the Ontario government to wait for further environmental assessment. The Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change rejected this request so the decade long blocking of logging company ordinance on Indigenous territory is likely to continue. These people are fighting their disappearance as a people. The Crown has made no public effort to examine the issue within perspective of the crime of genocide. Logging interests may try to rely on repressive legislation and law enforcement procedures which approach Aboriginal protest with policies intended for anti-terrorism.4
Northern bands tend to lack confidence in government management: in Spring a year ago the Shoal Lake 40 First Nation (on the border of Ontario and Manitoba) had to declare an emergency when the ferry failed its 4 year Transport Canada inspection (leaking too badly).The community lives on a man-made island where the ferry is necessary to get groceries or bottled water and the community’s boil-water advisory has lasted 18 years.5
More recently, on February 24th, 2016, leaders of Northern Ontario First Nations called a state of emergency, a plea for help, due to a dire lack of medical supplies and a suicide epidemic of the youth. The declaration asks government to provide within 90 days an intervention plan that also assures clean drinking water. One of the First Nations at risk is the Nishnawbe Aski Nation, 49 communities with 35,000 people in the Province’s north.6
In Manitoba, the Pimicikamak Cree Nation where four children and two adults have taken their own lives in the last three months has declared a state of emergency. The CBC offers these statistics: the nation, 700 kilometres north of Winnipeg has a population of 8000 with 80% unemployed. 170 children are on the high school’s suicide-watch list. The problem is conventionally traced to lack of opportunities for youth.7
In Saskatchewan three First Nations communities have declared a health crisis in response to too many violence-drug-disease related deaths: the Keeseekoose, Cote, and Key First Nations. The former chief of the Keeseekoose attributes the deaths to the lack of access to good health care.8
Common to all these emergencies among First Peoples is that they don’t seem to surprise anyone. Military Field hospitals are not sent in. Airlifts of vitamin rich foods are not dispatched. The resource corporations in the neighbourhood are not identified and made responsible to these bands which remain in such poverty. The government officials responsible for the areas where emergencies occur are not identified. The unacceptable is accepted as if it were normal. Is the State criminal when it intentionally leaves a community without drinking water?
Throughout the world there is a pattern in the deliberate killing of Native groups and poor people (the categories coincide) who have or could claim land rights to surface and sub-surface resources. As international human rights treaties gain strength, corporate powers will have to pay Native Peoples just portions for taking what belongs to the people of the land. And the corporate powers will have to ask. Canadian corporations are repeatedly implicated in the deaths of environmental and Aboriginal activists resisting their operations, for example in Central and South America.9 Why do we suppose that they are acting within human rights law and international law at home?
The violence against Indigenous peoples takes many forms. In Canada it’s apparent in the ongoing unsolved murders and disappearances of women of child-bearing age. Kevin Annett’s witness which continues to predate, trouble and annoy many of the official accounts, finds that the names of the disappeared are frequently those of old families with land claims.10 The new Federal budget allocates 40 million dollars for an inquiry into missing and disappeared Aboriginal women.11 10.4 million goes to the reserve communities for women’s shelters.12
Psychological patterns of hopelessness, recognizable in military psywar tactics, have the violent effect of youth acculturation to drugs. Aboriginal “management” programs which don’t address housing and cultural needs on Aboriginal terms mold entire communities to despair. Are Indigenous employment programs directly related to improving the survival of the Indigenous community, the band, the Tribe? Employment with corporate resource strippers which are not adequately paying the community, equates with working for the enemy.
European colonialism treats Indigenous communities as those of a conquered people. While the Indigenous approach to the environment allows humanity to continue, European capitalism doesn’t. Just who has won the hearts and minds of North American people is an unsettled question. As an exception to the colonialist’s override of Indigenous culture, Canada’s Winnipeg Arts Gallery has collected Inuit art for over 60 years and has just received a shipment of 50 creates (6000 pieces) on five year loan from the Government of Nunavut, to augment the gallery’s 14000 artifacts of Inuit culture.13 Yet this tribute to an early First Peoples’ culture is embittered by facts of contemporary life.
In northern communities’ lack of adequate dietary needs, lack of nourishment and lack of clean water enforce what has become a hostile environment. Lack of adequate medical care in areas particularly in need of medical care increases the suffering and death rate. For example, nurses available to remote and isolated northern communities are by unconfirmed estimate, 88 in Ontario, 8 in Quebec. Most publicly available Health Canada reports are out of date. Despite all the niceties which insist on how legal resource-stripping operations are, in areas of crushing poverty where people have historical claims to the lands, the resources are being stolen. The government and corporations would not agree, and to imply any intention of destroying a people is unfriendly.
But this is an established mechanism of colonialism: in order to steal from Native peoples the peoples are degraded to lack of self-respect, lack of understanding their human value, lack of pride in their cultures, lack of value to the oppressor society, so that the Indigenous are less likely to resist physically these thefts. Those who do resist are on occasion cut in or paid off, to manage those who would continue to resist. If educated to believe the inferiority of their world view and community mores, to a Settler culture which sustains corporate capitalism, lack of Aboriginal self value continues. If not overtly intentional, the criminally high suicide rates of northern communities are abnormal, ie. created by outside factors not normal to the community.
There are many government workers who devote their lives to making this better. Yet there is a national emergency occurring, without adequate attempts to stop it. Blame must be assigned even to the level of those funding means of survival, and charges laid against Federal or Provincial government management responsible for a band’s state of emergency. In each area where a band risks disappearance due to a history of environmental mismanagement, pollutants, the effects of resource extraction, lack of medical services, lack of food, lack of clean water, lack of adequate dietary information, lack of police protection from the drug market, those responsible should be charged within the historical context of genocide.
For over ten years Night’s Lantern has carried14 ongoing genocide warnings for Canada’s First Nations and Aboriginal peoples. The history of genocide against First Peoples is so deeply established in North America that the outrageous results of injustice have become a norm. Isolated problems are solved when bent to corporate benefit. First Peoples are expected to adapt to a system that historically kills them as part of the colonial metaphor of conquest.
After years of the Harper government’s obtuseness to evidence against it of genocide, which could one day be prosecuted at international law, the more aware Liberal government of Justin Trudeau provides a substantial coherent rescue attempt to save First Nations from destruction and Canada from its failure of responsibility. It won’t be enough. Its dream isn’t large enough. The worry is this is simply an instance of bad cop good cop.
The 2016 Budget’s funding just begins to make up for past denials. Current estimates of funding differences in education find Indigenous funding 30% lower than for all Canadians.15 However, military spending is being cut back while the budget for Aboriginal peoples expands. Of the 8.4 billion dollars to First Peoples focusing on infrastructure and education – about a quarter of this will be for schools on reserves, and the spending cap on Aboriginal funding will be lifted.16
All of Canada’s poor are finding even less to eat with the rising price of foods.
I suppose and believe in this essay that the Government of Canada really wants to stop a destruction of Indigenous peoples. The desire for change so evident in the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) of 1996 was held back by corporate interests and the Conservative Party. The Trudeau government has promised to honour each of the Royal Commission’s 94 calls to action.17 Justice for Aboriginal people isn’t a political issue. The issue was and remains whether the people have human rights. Portions of Settler groups are being destroyed economically as well, and with the same pragmatism, pushed out of survival by prices of food and lodging and social patterns requiring an expensive conformity. The fate of First Peoples foreshadows the fate of Canada’s poor who will grow in number as wealth separates from commonality. In Canada, peoples’ fates are interwoven and tied to each other.
• First published in Night’s Lantern
- “Tories’ ‘tough-on-crime’ approach has broken Canada’s justice system, say experts,” Ally Foster, March 10, 2016, hilltimes.com; “Prison watchdog says more than a quarter of federal inmates are aboriginal people,” January 14, 2016, CBC News.
- “Canada violates human rights, northern Ontario First Nations tell UN,” February 22, 2016, CBC News
- “Liberals to fund water plant for Neskantaga First Nation in 2016,” Jody Porter, December 29, 2015, CBC News.
- “Mercury levels still rising near Grassy Narrows First Nation, report says,” Jody Porter, June 15, 2015, CBC News; “Japanese mercury experts push Canada to help Grassy Narrows,” Jody Porter, September 2, 2014, CBC News; “Ontario gives green light to clear cutting at Grassy Narrows,” Jody Porter, December 30, 2014, CBC News; “Mercury contamination at Grassy Narrows First Nation will get worse with logging, deputy chief says,” Judy Porter, June 17, 2015, CBC News.
- “Reserve loses lifeline, declares emergency,” Chinta Puxley/The Canadian Press, April 30, 2015, Victoria News.
- “We are in a state of shock:’ First Nations declare health emergency,” Colin Perkel/The Canadian Press, February 24, 2016, Victoria News.
- “Pimicikamak declares state of emergency to deal with suicide crisis,” Jillian Taylor, March 9, 2016, CBC News; “Cry for help after four teens take their own lives on Manitoba First Nation,” Karen Pauls, March 4, 2016, CBC News.
- “High death rate has three Saskatchewan reserves declaring health crisis,” Canadian Press, March 15, 2016, Victoria News.
- “Canadian Mining is Murder,” Rachel Small, March 9, 2016, Now; “Blood flows where Canadian capital goes,” Tyler Shipley, March 6, 2016, Winnipeg Free Press; “Action Needed in U.S. and Canada Concerning Assassination of Berta Caceres and Assassination Attempt Against and Illegal Detention of Gustavo Castro,” March 21, 2016, Rights Action.
- “Exclusive: Missing Women in Canada – The Cause,” Kevin Annett,
- “On missing Aboriginal women“, J.B.Gerald, August 27, 2013, nightslantern.ca.
- “Breaking down the biggest items — and biggest omissions — from the 2016 budget,” the Canadian Press/Postmedia News, March 22, 2016, National Post.
- “World’s-biggest Inuit art collection at WAG just got a whole lot bigger,” Braeden Jones, March 3, 2016, Toronto Metro.
- Since 2001 Gerald and Maas Night’s Lantern has posted news and documents concerned with the prevention of genocide. Its genocide warnings appear here.
- “First Nations education funds quietly ‘removed’ by the previous government, Liberals say,” Susana Mas, March 11, 2016, CBC News; First Nations students get 30 per cent less funding than other children, economist says, Judy Porter, March 14, 2016, CBC News.
- “Breaking down the biggest items — and biggest omissions — from the 2016 budget,” the Canadian Press/Postmedia News, 22 March 2016, National Post.
- “20 years since Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, still waiting for change,” Martha Troian, March 3, 2016, CBC News.