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Yi He a, b , Chen Yi a, b , Xiliu Zhang a, b , Wei Zhao a, b, **, Dongsheng Yu a, b, * a Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
Magnetic graphene oxide, a compound of magnetic nanoparticles and graphene oxide, possesses distinct physical and chemical characteristics, including nano size, a large specific surface area, paramagnetic and biocompatible properties, making it a promising biomaterial in the field of biomedicine. In particular, its excellent characteristics, including the integration of specific photothermal properties, magnetic thermal properties, paramagnetism, active chemical bonds, hydrophilicity, and low cytotoxicity, have been applied to remarkable bio-applications in bioimaging, biosensors, biochemical extraction and separation, stem cell regulation and the induction of differentiation, targeted drug delivery, and cancer therapy. In this review, we concentrate on the approaches of preparation, fundamental structures, biocompatibility, and the biomedical applications of magnetic graphene oxide composites. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
5. Conclusions and future perspectives This review article presents a snapshot of the current state of research on MGO and the efforts that govern its development in biotechnological and biomedical applications. In general, the main synthesis methods were clarified. Fundamental physical and chemical characteristics like diameters in three dimensions, high surface-to-volume ratio, hydrophilia, and magnetic characteristic were described. In particular, the biocompatibility of MGO in vitro and in vivo was discussed. It is these basic physicochemical characteristics that rank MGO nanoparticles among the superior carriers for stem cell regulation and differentiation, MRI contrast agents, and biosensors. Because of a large specific surface area, active chemical functions, and magnetic properties, MGO nanoparticles are attractive alternatives in biochemical physical extraction and separation, drug loading, and targeted delivery. Attributed to their photothermal, magneto-thermal, and Fenton effects, MGO composites have been widely applied in research on cancer treatments, which could be promising as a novel and effective therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors. Even though various methods exist for the preparation of MGO nanoparticles, each has its own advantages and shortcomings. Better methods for the adjusted synthesis and functionalization of MGO should be the direction of future research efforts. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of MGO nanoparticles is not sufficiently clear, and the in vivo reaction mechanism or the metabolic pathway remains to be explored. In addition, functional MGO could be applied as one kind of biomedical scaffold and is worth developing in the field of biomedical engineering, especially in bone tissue engineering. However, the in vitro and in vivo osteogenic capacity and the specific mechanisms of the osteogenic effect and degradation of MGO nanoparticles need to be further explored. Moreover, a multimodal imaging, diagnostic, and cancer therapy platform based on MGO nanoparticles is also worth exploring, combined with bioimaging, biosensor, and thermal therapy