AFRIN, SYRIA (Analysis) — In less than two months since Erdoğan’s Operation Olive Branch kicked off, the Kurdish “Rojava Project,” which aims for a unified Kurdish-controlled area in northeast Syria, has been delivered a strong blow. Kurdish militias have shown their inability to unite in the face of Turkish aggression. Even with forced conscription by the SDF, their inability to provide significant military support to Afrin shows a sort of betrayal and abandonment within the Kurdish militias, which will only weaken their plans for autonomy.
During the past seven years, the United States has armed and supported various armed groups while claiming to be fighting against and defeating Daesh (Islamic State/ISIS) in Syria. After support for groups such as the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and other groups, extremist elements came under international scrutiny for crimes against humanity, including beheadings, the United States decided to shift its support to Kurdish militias.
Since the U.S. invasion of Iraq and the ongoing conflict in Syria, Kurdish militias have been romanticized by the media and U.S. politicians alike to justify a Western interventionist narrative in those countries. The People’s Protection Unit (YPG) is a Kurdish-majority militia that is the military wing of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), a Kurdish democratic confederalist political party in northeastern Syria. The YPG is the Syrian offshoot of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which is an organization based in Turkey and Iraq that has been engaged in armed conflicts with the Turkish state since 1984.
Yesterday’s ally becomes today’s enemy
Former spokesman of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Talal Silo, pictured center, delivers a prepared statement to the press. (Photo: Twitter)
The United States justified its military and economic support for the YPG by claiming they were the most reliable fighters in Syria against Daesh. In an attempt to disassociate the YPG from the PKK, General Raymond Thomas, the commander of the United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM), revealed — at a Security Forum on July 21, 2017 at the Aspen Institute — that he personally discussed the importance of changing its name with the YPG. As he states in the video below, he was impressed that they included the word “democratic” in their rebranding: their new name, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), would help them enter into political negotiations, where they had been excluded previously owing to their association with the PKK.
In an attempt to counter progress that was being made during the war by the Syrian Arab Army and its allies, the FSA and SDF have brokered deals and worked closely together at times. The SDF has been known to make questionable alliances — going as far as to work with Daesh, with the blessing of the U.S.
Watch | General Raymond Thomas Explains Rebranding the YPG Away From the PKK
On April 28, 2016, while testifying before the Senate Armed Services Committee about the relationship between PYD/YPG and PKK, Defense Secretary Ashton Carter confirmed “substantial ties” between the two groups and stated that 20 percent of the PYD/YPG is Arab.
Watch | Defense Secretary Ashton Carter confirms “substantial ties” between PYD/YPG and PKK
What prompted Operation Olive Branch?
U.S.-backed anti-government rebels surround a piece of artillery while speaking to an American special forces member in southern Syria near Tanf. (Hammurabi’s Justice News)
On January 13 of this year, an announcement was made by the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) that the U.S. planned on assembling a 30,000-personnel team consisting of SDF and new recruits. This Border Security Force (BSF) was reported to consist of U.S.-trained fighters along Syria’s borders with Turkey, Iraq and the Euphrates, with the strategic aim of containing remnants of the Daesh.
Turkey was quick to respond, and it’s dissatisfaction with this new development was perspicuous. “A country we call an ally is insisting on forming a terror army on our borders,” Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said in a speech in Ankara. “What can that terror army target but Turkey? Our mission is to strangle it before it’s even born.”
The U.S. State Department denied the implementation of any border security force by the U.S. government, referring to the new development simply as security training.This denial, however, did not deter Turkey from initiating Operation Olive Branch.
This is Turkey’s second cross-border operation in Syria since the war began, the first being Operation Euphrates Shield, which was completed in early 2017. Euphrates Shield focused on targeting a “terror corridor” made up of Daesh and Kurdish fighters further east from Afrin along its southern frontier with Syria. After completing that operation, Turkey set up local systems of governance in the swath of land captured, stretching from the area around Azaz — located to the northeast of Afrin — to the Euphrates River and protected by Turkish forces present there. It seems that Turkey now aims to form similar governance systems in the Afrin region.
Turkey, however, has stated that it does not plan on staying in Afrin and will hand over the land to the “real owners” once it has cleared out the “terrorists.” Turkey has not clarified whom it considers to be the “real owners;” however, some have understood this to mean the FSA.
Turkey’s Operation Olive Branch tests U.S.’s alliance with Kurdish militias
Kurdish fighters from the People’s Protection Units, (Y.P.G), stand guard next to American armored vehicles at the Syria-Turkey border, Apri, 2017. (Youssef Rabie Youssef/EPA)
When the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the FSA began Operation Olive Branch on January 20, some speculated that the United States might support its allies the Kurdish YPG fighters, as it has in the northeastern region. However, that support was not extended. Others argued that supporting the Kurdish militias against a NATO ally would have put the United States and Turkey in a direct conflict that neither nation would likely want.
The alliance between the United States and Kurdish militias has been a very contentious point and has infuriated Turkey’s Erdoğan. He has on numerous occasions brought up the fact that he believes the United States is supporting a terrorist organization no different from the one he has dealt with within his borders. Turkey considers the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) in Syria, and its armed-wing YPG, to be “terrorist groups” with ties to the banned Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). Turkey also considers these groups as a threat to it’s national security and has clearly stated that it will not tolerate such a threat. The United States and NATO, however, consider only the PKK to be a terrorist organization and have sought to create a distinction between these Kurdish groups in order to justify their alliance.
By March 18, almost two months after Turkey’s Operation Olive Branch began, Afrin was captured by the TAF and FSA. That same day they established control over all the villages that had remained under the control of the YPG north and northwest of the city. Turkish forces captured a large number of weapons and anti-tank guided missiles that were abandoned by the YPG when they fled from Afrin to the government-held part of Aleppo. Two hundred various localities have been captured by Turkish forces across the area. It has been reported that 6,400 Turkish service members and over 10,000 FSA members were involved in this operation.
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Erdogan said on March 18 that 3,063 terrorists were “neutralized” in the operation and that 46 Turkish service members have been killed and 225 others injured in clashes that took place in Afrin. Reports from pro-opposition groups stated that 400 FSA members had also been killed and pro-YPG sources stated that 1,600 TAF and FSA members were killed. The conflicting casualty reports reflect the ongoing propaganda war. Other reports have also stated that 500 civilians have been killed in this operation.
The YPG has accused Russia of working with Turkey and permitting it entry into Syrian airspace, which allowed them to carry out their mission. What the YPG doesn’t mention is that in the past two months Russia and the Syrian government have made numerous attempts to negotiate a handover of Afrin, whereby the city would be handed over to the Syrian armed forces in return for YPG protection and ending this operation. The YPG refused to allow the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) to enter and allowed only the National Defense Forces (NDF), a Syrian pro-government militia, to assist them, which was not enough to end Turkish aggression on Afrin.
On March 19, Pentagon spokesman U.S. Army Colonel Rob Manning reiterated Washington’s criticism of Turkey’s operation in Afrin in a press briefing, expressing concern about the effect that fighting in Afrin has had on the effort to defeat Daesh.
Erdoğan has called for the U.S. to respect Turkey as it prepares to expand it’s offensive against Kurdish militias. In basic terms, Turkey wants the United States to either cooperate with Turkey and forgo any alliances with Kurdish militias, or stay out of the way and allow it to “clean up” these areas on it’s borders.
Turkey’s expanding military campaign against Kurdish militias will also include northern Iraq if Baghdad does not clear the PKK presence in that area. The plan to entirely eliminate YPG presence on Turkey’s borders also includes targeting YPG positions in Manbij, Ayn al-Arab, Tal Abyad, Ras al-Ayn and Qamishli.
Syria’s response to Turkey’s occupation of Afrin
A convoy of militiamen loyal to the Syrian government on their way to aid the Kurds against Turkish forces, in the northern city of Afrin, Syria. (SANA via AP)
Dr. Bashar al-Jaafari, Syria’s permanent representative to the UN, stated on Monday that canceling a UN Security Council session on human rights in Syria indicates the awareness of a majority of member states that discussing this issue is not in the capacity of the Council and is an important message to the Western states that try to manipulate the Security Council:
What we have witnessed over the past period of their demand to hold sessions on the use of chemical substances and on Eastern Ghouta, human rights and the refugees, reflects the state of trivial and cheap exploitation of the mechanisms of the Security Council to practice pressure on Syria and its friends, through claiming that they are preventing the Council from taking action against the Syrian government.”
According to SANA, the Foreign and Expatriates Ministry in Syria stated that Turkish regime forces were contradicting UN Charter and international law with their illegitimate occupation of Afrin. They were called upon to immediately withdraw their invading forces from Syrian territory. The Ministry said in two letters sent to UN Secretary General and Chairman of the Security Council.
Head of the Turkish regime declared control of his invading forces over the Syrian city of Afrin on March 18th, 2018, which followed two-month aggression, claiming the lives of and injuring thousands of civilians in Afrin and its surroundings… This criminal act also led to the displacement of tens of thousands of the Syrians who suffered the plague of homelessness and deprivation of basic services.”
Describing the Turkish regime’s acts as war crimes and crimes against humanity, the Ministry added:
As part of the crimes committed by the Turkish army forces, including the ethnic cleansing policy, the properties of the citizens have been looted, their homes destroyed and many of them were detained.”
Syria condemns Turkish and U.S. aggression and calls on both nations to immediately withdraw from the Syrian territory. Syria also demands that the Security Council assume responsibility, demand an end to such aggression, and work on the withdrawal of the Turkish regime forces.
The fate of Afrin’s civilians
Syrians fleeing fighting between Turkish troops and Syrian Kurdish militia rest in a field between Afrin and Azaz, northwestern Syria, March 14, 2018. (DHA-Depo via AP)
There is a lot of speculation about what will happen to Afrin now that it’s being bombarded by Turkish armed forces along with their FSA counterparts. Some reports claim that 200,000 Kurds have fled Afrin. They now join the 6 million internally displaced Syrians who have had to evacuate their homes during the course of Syrian war. There’s been mention of Turkey moveing between 350,000 and 500,000 of the 3.5 million Syrian refugees in Turkey from their camps to Afrin.
Turkey had also suggested it does not want to maintain long-term presence in Afrin but instead would hand over the leadership to the “rightful owners.” One can assume they might be referring to the FSA opposition civil council. Some trust that Erdoğan will respect Syria’s sovereignty and hand over Afrin to the Syrian government, but, with a track record as volatile and unpredictable as Erdoğan’s, it’s difficult to know for sure.
According to Turkish media sources, including the TSK on Twitter, the Turkish Red Crescent delivered humanitarian aid to the people of Afrin in collaboration with the Turkish Armed Forces. Other sources have shown the Syrian Red Crescent delivering aid to the civilians in Afrin. Images and video have also surfaced of the Turkish flag being raised, sometimes beside the FSA flag. A historic Kurdish statue was also toppled. Turkey has stated it would repair destroyed buildings and erect a half dozen military outposts in Afrin. Even with this “assistance,” Turkey’s presence on Syrian soil is unwelcome and has been a point of contention leading to protests in Aleppo.
A way to regain respect
The battle in Afrin proved that NATO alliances are stronger than other alliances. This should send a clear message to the Kurdish militias that yet again they have been used as pawns to create instability and division in the region and that their dreams of an independent Kurdistan — whether it be in Syria, Iraq, Turkey or Iran — are not a concern, let alone a priority, for the United States. Any false hope they might be seeing with the U.S.’s military presence in Manbij or the Hassaka governorate should not distract from the not-so-distant history they have had with their U.S. backers. Therefore, it would be in the Kurdish militias’ best interests to realign themselves with the Syrian state and try to earn back some of the respect they have lost by their treasonous alliances. Whether or not that will happen will most likely be revealed in the coming days.
Top Photo | Turkey-backed Free Syrian Army soldiers celebrate around a statue of Kawa, a mythology figure in Kurdish culture as they prepare to destroy it in city center of Afrin, northwestern Syria, March 18, 2018. (Hasan Kırmızitaş/DHA-Depo Photos via AP)
Sarah Abed is an independent journalist and political commentator, covering a broad range of issues relating to the Syrian war, Kurdish issues in Iraq and Syria, as well as U.S policy in the Middle East. She appears frequently in international media and speaks at universities. See more of her work at her personal blog: The Rabbit Hole.
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